Biology STAAR (State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness) Practice Test

The adrenal glands play a crucial role in the body's response to stress and the regulation of various physiological processes. They are responsible for producing and secreting several hormones, among which adrenaline and cortisol are two of the most significant.

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is released in response to stress and is pivotal for the "fight or flight" response. It helps prepare the body to respond to a perceived threat by increasing heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and energy availability.

Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," helps manage how the body uses carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and also plays a role in regulating inflammation and the immune response. It aids in maintaining steady blood sugar levels during stressful situations.

The other options include hormones that are not secreted by the adrenal glands. Insulin and thyroxin are produced by the pancreas and thyroid gland, respectively. Testosterone and estrogen are primarily associated with the gonads (testes and ovaries) rather than the adrenal glands. Growth hormone, which is crucial for growth and cell reproduction, is secreted by the pituitary gland. Therefore, the choice highlighting adrenaline and cortisol accurately reflects the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.